1. Small, hard, sharp cornered, fragments of natural or synthetic material that will scratch or wear another material.

2. A substance used to smooth or polish a surface by grinding or scrapping.

Antilock braking system.

Switch for the driver to turn off the ABS system when on soft surfaces (like sand or deep gravel) where locking the wheels would be an advantage.

1. A device for increasing the speed of a motor vehicle engine. 2. A foot-operated throttle that varies the supply of fuel-air mixture to the combustion chamber. 3. Pedal operated by the driver s right foot that controls the flow of air into the engine.

Part of the carburetor. A small pump that enriches the fuel-air mixture during acceleration.

Vehicle accessories that are not fitted by the manufacturer.

New parts that replace damaged parts. They may be a generic part.

A secondary safety restraint which will inflate in 25 milliseconds in serious front collisions to protect the passengers and driver.

An engine which is cooled directly by ambient air, where the cooling air passes directly over fins on the cylinders and cylinder hood, without the need for a water jacket and radiator.

A device on the engine air intake that prevents dust and dirt entering the engine.

The passage of air over a moving vehicle.

The air and fuel mixture mixed by the carburetor or fuel injection system and vaporized.

A device for lifting a car.

The angles at which each wheel should be adjusted to maintain the specifications engineered by the vehicle manufacturer for the best performance of both the steering and suspension.

An electrical generator that mechanical energy into electrical energy for powering circuits in a vehicle. With the engine running, the alternator recharges the battery. The alternator provides as well all the electrical power needed to run the headlights, radio, air conditioner etc.

A liquid added to the water in the cooling system of a vehicle to lower its freezing point, raise the boiling point as well as prevent corrosion.

A computerized control system designed to prevent wheels from locking during hard braking; thereby allowing some steering control during an emergency.

Automotive Recyclers Association. A non-profit trade association representing an industry dedicated to the efficient removal and reuse of automotive parts and the safe disposal of inoperable motor vehicles

The efficient, ecological disposal of inoperable motor vehicles and reclaiming reusable parts and components

An international trade association which has a represented an industry dedicated to the efficient removal and reuse of automotive parts, and the safe disposal of inoperable motor vehicles.

A professional who purchases vehicles for re-use. Dismantles vehicles, collects and disposes of fluids in an environmentally responsible fashion, tests salvageable parts, classifies and prices them for sale and disposes of remaining vehicle hulk

A computer system which decides when the transmission should shift and then delivers an electrical signal to create that shift. Power is transferred from the engine using a fluid coupling called a torque converter.

A metal shaft that transfers torque from the differential to the wheels.

Abbreviation for Anti-Lock Braking System.

Sensor that monitors hydraulic system pressure and controls pump motor in an ABS application.

Alternating current.

Provides acceleration data to computer in electronic shock absorber system.

Device to force a fuel stream into air horn as needed.

Those that increase comfort or are a convenience for vehicle occupants, such as air conditioning or power windows, and a window defogger.

Air conditioning system component that removes moisture and stores extra refrigerant.

Device that produces alternating current; an alternator.

One that generates its own voltage signal in response to a change in a condition.

A method of ride control using hydraulic rams, rather than conventional shock absorbers and springs.

Device that performs an action or outputs a signal in response to a signal from a computer.

Substance used to chemically and mechanically bond two materials together

Used with mechanical lifters; permits changing valve train clearance.

Tool used to blow off bits of dirt, solvent, or other debris from parts.

A cutting tool powered by compressed air that is used to remove faulty exhaust system parts.

A canister of carbon granules that absorbs fuel vapors when engine is shut off.

A pump that forces air, under pressure, into a storage tank.

The use of cooling fins and air movement to dissipate heat from the engine.

Device to monitor flow of outside air into engine.

Part of the carburetor that channels air into the intake manifold.

A method of reducing HC and CO emissions by forcing fresh air into the exhaust ports of the engine.

One that uses an injected stream of air for improved fuel mixing and combustion.

Release of harmful substances into the air due to engine operation and similar causes.

Belt-driven pump that provides input for the air injection system.

Shock absorbers that use air pressure, rather than springs, to maintain vehicle height.

Air-filled rubber cylinder that is lighter than the equivalent coil spring.

The use of air pressure to diagnose automatic transmission problems.

A tool powered by compressed air.

Assembly line diagnostic link, also called the diagnostic connector.

Fixture onto which the vehicle is driven for alignment measurement and adjustment activities.

Engine types other than traditional internal combustion, four-stoke-cycle, piston engine.

Fuels other than gasoline and diesel fuel.

An AC generator.

Needle or ball-type bearings used 10 provide a low-friction surface for a rotor.

A system that changes the air-fuel ratio as the vehicle moves to higher or lower elevations.

Amplitude modulation (type of radio broadcasting).

One that prevents air conditioner operation when outdoor temperatures are below a set point.

Electronic circuit that uses a small current to control a much larger current.

To increase in strength or volume.

A sealer that cures in the absence or air.

A signal that can vary continuously in value.

One that continually changes strength. Analog voltmeter code Trouble code read by counting the number of needle deflections on a meter.

Adjustment screw on a radio, used to obtain best reception.

Liquid used in a cooling system that is mixed with water and prevents the water from freezing. The solution serves as the engine coolant.

Measurement of concentration of coolant solution.

Bearing that uses balls or rollers to decrease friction.

ECM that accepts wheel sensor inputs and controls braking of the vehicle.

Computer-controlled brakes that will not "lock" and permit wheels to skid.

Metal components designed to keep brake pads from vibrating and rattling.

Another name for anti-lock braking system.

A beginner who is learning under direction of an experienced auto technician.

Rotating support for multiple windings in a motor.

A mineral material once widely used on clutches and brake linings. Asbestos dust is a known cancer-causing agent.

Anti-friction material once widely used for brake linings.

Abbreviation for National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence, which certifies auto technicians.

The relationship of tire height to width, or profile.

Death resulting From lack of oxygen to breathe.

The pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere (14.7 psi at sea level).

A mechanism designed to automatically remove any play from a clutch cable system.

A method of climate control using sensors and a computer to maintain a preset temperature in the vehicle's passenger compartment.

One that does not have to be shifted manually.

Computerized selection of shift points, based on input from sensors.

Oil with special additives to make it compatible with Friction clutches arid bands.

Condition in which engine races as transmission shifts (in severe cases, the car may not move at all).

A mechanical device used to connect and disconnect a manual I transmission from engine power.

A program in which technicians take written tests to become certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence (ASE).

A chain and sprocket combination used to drive engine auxiliaries, such as the oil pump.

Spring steel retainer that fits in a groove on the axle end.

In-and-out movement OF the axle, adjusted to specification by using shims.

See axle shaft retainer.

Devices that attach to the outside of an axle housing to prevent axles from sliding out.

Used between axle housing and retainer to limit end play of the axle.

Storage device for electrical power. In a vehicle this lead acid secondary cell stores chemical energy which can then be released as electrical power.

A liquid mixture of 40% to 60% sulphuric acid and 60% water to form an efficient electrolyte.

Heavy cable that provides power from the battery to the rest of the car.

An electrical device used to recharge a vehicle battery from mains power.

The exposed ends of a battery that provide voltage when connected to a circuit; soft metal projection on the battery to which the electrical cable is clamped.

A ball-and-socket joint giving good flexibility within a range of motion. Allows the suspension to move up and down while still being able to turn the wheels.

Smoke from the tailpipe caused typically when the air-fuel ratio mixture is too high. The fuel is not fully burned and soot results.

An area behind and to either side of the drive which he cannot see when facing straight ahead.

A device that creates friction to a surface to slow it, stop it, or hold it stationary; a device that slows or stops the rotation of the wheels, so tire friction slows or stops a vehicle.

The distance for a moving vehicle to stop on a clean dry surface, not including any mechanical failures, perception problems of the driver, reaction time. The distance needed is increased with speed, poor road surface or any other non-ideal conditions.

Condition caused by air-fuel mixture igniting in the intake manifold or exhaust system.

Component that holds the shoes, wheel cylinder, and other parts inside a drum brake.

Pressure developed in the exhaust system when the engine is running.

An electrical switch that completes a circuit to the back up lights whenever the reverse gear if engaged.

A cause of valve clatter.

A Rotating component used in some engines to cancel vibration produced by another rotating shaft such as the crankshaft.

A seldom-used type of constant velocity U-joint.

Swivel joint that provides free movement for steering knuckle and control arm.

An airtight seal used to protect the ball joint.

An indicator on the shoulder of the ball joint that shows the amount of wear.

Component that rides up and down a worm gear as the worm rotates in a recirculating ball gearbox.

Components that allow motion in up-and-down and side-to-side direction.

A metal strap with a frictional material lining that can clamp a clutch drum in an automatic transmission to stop its rotation.

Check and adjusting the tightness of automatic transmission band for proper automatic transmission shifting and driving conditions.

A head with all of its components removed including valves, springs, seals, etc.

A cylinder.

One caused by something in the circuit itself that increases or decreases an electrical value.

To fill with electrolyte then charging a dry battery.

Heavy gauged wires connected to the battery. Typically two are used. One, connects the battery to the starter (positive) and the second from the battery to a grounding point on the vehicle.

The state of its plates and electrolyte.

Device for restoring battery to a proper electrical charge.

A method of checking for unusual current draw with ignition key off.

Check to determine if current is discharging across top of battery case.

A test for battery capacity, made under full electrical load.

A test for good contact between cables and terminals.

For batteries used in modern cars, 12.6V; older cars, 6.3V.

Check of battery charge with a voltmeter.

Bottom Dead Center. The lowest position a piston can reach with in its cylinder.

Small space between moving parts, permitting oil to enter for lubrication.

Slight oversize of bearings to jam them in place when cap is tightened on connecting rod.

Section of the turbocharger housing containing the shaft bearings and oil seals.

Constant whir or humming sound due to damage or wear of bearings in the carrier or axle assemblies.

Tool used to simplify packing of grease into wheel bearings.

Practice of making bearing halves slightly wider than necessary to hold them in place during installation.

The metal shell surrounding the clutch assembly that bolts to the rear of the engine.

A bias-ply tire with extra belts added beneath the tread area.

Fabric made of steel or other material that is placed between body plies and tread.

Noise resulting from a slipping drive belt.

Method of filling and hand-pumping a master cylinder before installation to remove trapped air.

A cause of valve clatter. Bent rods usually must be replaced.

Abbreviation for brake horsepower, a measurement of usable horsepower of an engine.

One with plies running at an angle from bead to bead.

Fitting on top of brake caliper that allows air to be bled from system.

Process of removing any trapped air from a hydraulic system.

A simple drawing, using rectangles and lines, that shows how sensors, computers, and actuators are interconnected.

A heating device used to warm the block of a diesel engine in cold weather.

A technique used to "true" misaligned main bearing bores.

Oil vapors and other emissions that leak past piston rings into the crankcase.

A fan that forces air to move tough the evaporator of an air conditioning system.

An air-powered device used for cleaning and drying parts washed in solvent, or blowing away accumulations of dust and dirt.

Leak of compression from one or more cylinders results from failure of the gasket.

A turbocharger located ahead of the compressor or throttle body. It compresses only air.

Applying oil and grease to such friction points as hinges and latches.

Cleaning technique in which strong solvents and heat are used to remove mineral deposits from the water jacket.

Measurement of the outside thread diameter.

The additional amount of pressure supplied to the intake system produced by a turbocharger or blower.

Flexible pleated covers placed over the CV joints of a front-wheel-drive vehicle to keep road dirt out of them.

Cracking, tearing, or other damage to a boot, which would allow road dirt and moisture to enter the CV-joint.

Passageway that prevents a pressure buildup in fuel bowl.

A wrench that has completely closed ends that surround and grip a bolt head.

Component operated by vacuum or power steering system to decrease braking effort needed.

Metal tubing and rubber hoses connecting master cylinder to wheel brake assemblies.

Replaceable friction surfaces mounted on caliper of disc brake system.

Foot lever for operating brake system.

Pulsing movement of brake pedal, usually caused by out-of-round brake drum or warped rotor.

Provides braking data to computer in electronic shock absorber system.

Curved, replaceable friction surfaces used with drum-type brakes.

Components that are used to stop a vehicle.

Removal of all old fluid by pressure bleeding, then replacing it with fresh fluid.

Dashboard indicator that warns of low brake system hydraulic pressure.

Comparison of front wheel to rear wheel braking effort.

In a limited-slip differential, the amount of torque needed to make one axle rotate the clutches.

Sliding electrical contacts that ride on the slip rings of a generator.

British thermal units; the units used to measure heat transfer.

A sign that the air conditioning system is low on refrigerant and that air may be present.

Condition caused by overheating due to slippage of transmission bands.

Actual melting or breakage of a part of the piston, resulting in a hole.

Valve face damaged by heat, allowing leakage of air-fuel mixture from cylinder during compression.

A pathway for data inside a computer.

One that filters only some of the oil going to bearings.

Method used to permit coolant circulation in engine when thermostat is closed.

Part of the braking system the holds and operates the brake pads; presses disk brake pads against brake rotor to provide friction to stop the wheel.

A rotating lobe that changes regular circular motion into an irregular circular motion or into a back and forth motion.

A shaft having a series of cams at intervals along its length, for operating the engine valve mechanism. Made up of a series of egg-shaped sections, which as they rotate raise and lower part of the valve train, which in turn causes the valves to open and close.

A device for receiving and storing a charge of electricity; condenser.

Certified Automotive Recycler. A designation awarded by ARA to recyclers who meet a set

extremely poisonous gas which is potentially lethal. Created during combustion of fuel and is the result of incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen.

A device that vaporizes fuel and mixes it with air in an exact ratio and rate before it is supplied to the intake manifold. A meter that controls engine rpm and fuel mixture.

Exhaust emissions device that breaks down harmful exhaust emissions into carbon dioxide nitrogen and water by use of catalysts.

Frame of a car, which the body, engine, suspension, transmission of a vehicle are fastened.

A valve at the top of the carburetor designed to richen mixtures for easier starting in colder weather.

A device in a machine for transmitting motion or for disconnecting related moving parts.

The area in the cylinder where the air/fuel mixture actually ignites and burns. Located between the top of the piston and the cylinder head.

Liquid designed to remove surplus heat from the engine. Coolant lowers the freezing point and raises the boiling point as well as prevents corrosion.

A fan that pulls air past the radiator to keep the engine from overheating at low vehicle speeds.

A series of offset levers that connect to the pistons through connecting rods. As the pistons move, they turn the crankshaft, which turns the combustion into torque to drive the car.

A round chamber for the piston to travel through.

A casting forming part of the combustion chamber; housing for the valves, sparkplugs and injectors and carries part of the cooling system.

Gasket located between the cylinders and the cylinder head to prevent leaks of compression and coolant.

A fluid that is less flammable than diesel fuel, used when testing injectors out of the engine.

The component that houses disc brake pads on both sides of the brake rotor and are forced together through applied brake fluid pressure to stop the rotor from turning, thus stopping the car. It is also the name of a tool to measure small inside and outside diameters.

The inward or outward tilt of a wheel assembly.

One that is ground slightly out of round to compensate for different rates of expansion.

Reduces valve lift, causing reduced engine power and rough idle.

Rotating shaft with lobes that open valves at the correct times for proper engine operation.

Gears, a chain and sprockets, or a belt and sprockets that run the camshaft at half the speed of crankshaft rotation.

Amount of valve train movement produced by the cam lobe.

Component that limits front-to-rear movement of camshaft.

Pressure at which the cap valve opens to vent coolant to the overflow tube or recovery tank.

Covers over cell openings on top of a battery.

Small line of conductive carbon-like material on a distributor cap or rotor.

A chemical used to dissolve gums and material from carburetor parts.

Excess fuel flow, preventing starting of engine.

One that mixes air and fuel and directs it to engine cylinders through an intake manifold.

Gaskets, needle valves, and other parts needed to rebuild a carburetor.

Overhaul, with cleaning and part replacement.

Network of passages that control the air-fuel ratio under specific engine conditions.

One with a replaceable filter element.

The outer protective shell of a battery, or any other component or device.

Amount of force pushing differential case bearings together.

Forward or backward tilt of steering knuckle.

Instrument with bubbles that indicate degree of tilt.

Device in the exhaust system that oxidizes most harmful emissions from the engine.

An electrical energy storage device, consisting of negative and positive plates immersed in a conductive fluid (electrolyte).

Check of individual battery cells for correct charge.

A ball or roller bearing unit that supports the middle of a two-piece drive shaft.

A system that uses pivoting weights to advance timing as engine speed increases.

Auto technician who has passed all eight ASE tests.

Auto technician who has passed at least one ASE test.

An indication of the cold-starting ability of a diesel fuel.

Cubic feet of air per minute.

Flapping motion of chain if slack is permitted.

Unit that traps and stores fuel vapors when engine is not running.

Dash-mounted warning light, voltmeter, or ammeter used to show charging system status. Also the visual symbol (often a green dot) that shows state of charge in a battery.

Current flowing into a battery from an alternator. Also, adding new or recycled refrigerant to an air conditioning or refrigeration system.

Usually, a wheeled cart containing a tank of refrigerant, vacuum pump, and manifold set for adding refrigerant to an air conditioning system.

One that uses an alternator to replace the electrical energy drawn from the battery during starting.

A measurement of current and voltage output of the charging system under load.

Alternator output that is higher than battery voltage (usually 1 3V- I 5V).

The frame and other parts of a vehicle other than the body.

Valve that permits fuel flow in only one direction.

Injury to the skin from exposure to toxic or corrosive chemical substances.

Method of removing scale buildup, using a strong chemical and water flush.

Cubic inch displacement.

A base upon which computer circuits are printed and components are mounted.

Device that interrupts current if a circuit is overloaded or a short occurs. Unlike a fuse, it can be reset.

Measurements of resistance in the insulated and ground circuits of the system.

A sign that the air conditioning system is operating properly.

ECM that controls temperature levels in the vehicle's passenger compartment.

One that restricts or blocks flow of coolant, due to an accumulation of rust particles.

Control system that is constantly changing, based on inputs from sensors.

Cooling system using a recovery tank for coolant.

Temperature at which wax separates out of the fuel.

A sign that desiccant from the receiver-drier is circulating through the air conditioning system.

Device that allows the driver to engage or disengage the engine and transmission.

Process of setting the correct amount of free play in the release mechanism.

A simple mechanical arrangement that uses a cable to transmit clutch pedal movement to the clutch fork.

A condition in which clutch severely vibrates as car accelerates.

A disc that is splined to transmission input shaft and pressed against the face of the flywheel.

Lever that forces the throw-out (release) bearing into pressure plate of clutch.

Frictional material riveted to the face of the clutch disk.

A mechanical arrangement of levers and rods that transmits force from the clutch pedal to the clutch fork.

The device that produces the hydraulic pressure needed to operate the clutch.

Distance the pedal moves before the throw-out bearing acts on the pressure plate.

Tool used to keep clutch disc from falling as pressure plate is loosened during clutch disassembly.

A piston that moves back and forth inside the clutch drum to clamp driving and driven discs together.

Cable or linkage permitting driver to disengage clutch with foot pedal.

Condition in which engine rpm increases without increase in car's road speed.

Safety switch that prevents starting motor operation until the clutch is disengaged.

Abbreviation for carbon monoxide, a toxic byproduct of partial burning of fuel.

Used to evaluate the air-fuel ratio of the engine; measured in percent by volume.

Concave side of gear tooth.

Rubber belt with built-in cogs (teeth) that engage the teeth of camshaft and crankshaft sprockets to form a positive drive.

Voltage fluctuations shown on an oscilloscope after the spark plug stops firing.

Length of spring steel rod wound into a spiral.

Tool used to safely compress a spring for removal or installation on a vehicle.

Conductor carrying high voltage from the coil to the distributor.

The amount of current a battery can deliver for 30 seconds at 0~F

One with a short insulator tip, used in engines operated at high speed.

Cleaning method using unheated solvents to remove oil and grease from disassembled engine parts.

Valve that supplies extra fuel for cold starts.

One that includes both a suction valve and an expansion valve (used in air conditioning systems). Also braking system valve that can function as a metering or proportioning valve and a brake warning light switch.

One that has an open jaw on one end and a box (closed end) on the other.

Area at the top of the cylinder where a spark plug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture.

Test that checks for presence of combustion gases in cooling system.

Sliding electrical connection between motor windings and brushes.

The end housing on a motor, holding the brushes, brush springs, and shaft bushing.

Small-diameter spare tire for use in emergencies.

Dial indicator used to measure cylinder compression.

Ignition of an air-fuel mixture by heat that results from high pressure (compression).

The amount of pressure produced in the cylinder by the compression stroke.

The relationship of cylinder volumes with the piston at TDC and at BDC

Ring that fills the gap between the piston and cylinder wall, preventing blow-by of compression pressure into the crankcase.

Piston stroke that compresses the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.

To check of the compression developed in each engine cylinder and is a means of determining engine condition.

Device that pressurizes a refrigerant and forces it through a refrigeration system.

Motor-powered air pump that produces pressure for an electronic height-control system.

Outer case around the compressor wheel section of turbocharger.

A common point of refrigerant leakage in a system.

Fan-like wheel that forces air, under pressure, into the engine's intake manifold.

Electronic device used to control many systems of modern vehicles.

Device that strengthens signals inside the computer.

A more complex testing instrument than a scanner.

Pacing device that keeps all input, processing, and output operations "in step."

A distributor less ignition system using sensors, a control unit, and multiple ignition coils.

Interface that converts digital signals to analog and vice versa.

One that calculates and sets air-fuel ratio based on input from sensors.

Plug at the end of a wiring harness, with one prong for each wire.

A computer controlled system that uses sensors, a catalytic converter, and fuel injection to minimize emissions of harmful substances.

Storage area where data is held electronically.

The list of tasks or programs initially shown on a computer screen

Output from the vehicle's computer system that can be read by a diagnostic scanner.

Voltage and resistance values at the ECU connector, read by a digital VOM.

Numeric codes, shown on a display or as pulses, that indicate the nature or location of a problem.

Device that provides a very smooth DC voltage for circuits and devices controlled by the computer.

Change from a gas to a liquid state.

An electrical component in contact point distributors that prevents arcing as points open and close. Also, a device that allows refrigerant to give off absorbed heat and change from a gas back to a liquid state.

Method of heat transfer through direct contact.

A material that permits easy flow of electrons.

Part that fastens the piston to the crankshaft.

Distance between side of the connecting rod and the side of the crankshaft journal.

One that uses two cross-and-roller joints connected by a centering socket and center yoke.

The area of a gear tooth where the matching gear's tooth physically contacts it.

An older type of voltage regulator that has largely been replaced by the electronic type.

In older distributors, the spring-loaded electrical "make/break" switch contacts.

Fuel injection that is constant.

One that has an infinite number of driving ratios and uses belts and pulleys, rather than planetary gear sets.

Sleeve that allows control arm to swing up and down.

Movable lever arm that forms part of a vehicle's suspension system.

A toothed shaft that rotates control sleeves to control the output of a diesel injector pump.

Rotating sleeve around the plunger of a diesel injection pump that helps control pump output.

A method of heat transfer through air or fluid medium.

The system of feet, inches, pounds, etc., traditionally used in the United States.

Case containing the fluid coupling (torque converter) used with an automatic transmission.

Radiator and other components that allow a coolant to circulate and maintain a constant engine operating temperature.

Test instrument used to check specific gravity of coolant.

A method of checking for leaks by placing system under pressure.

Work release program combining school classes with work experience.

When reading CO levels, an exhaust analyzer provides a percentage by volume output.

A soft metal pin that fits through hole in a nut and is then spread to lock components in place.

A Shaft on which cluster gears are mounted that transmits force from input gears to output gears.

Cluster of gears in a manual transmission that transmit force from input gears to output gears.

Sub-frame supporting the engine of some vehicles.

Lower portion of the block, containing the crankshaft.

Similar to a distributor pickup coil, the sensor is activated by the teeth on a pulse ring in a crankshaft triggered ignition system.

Component that changes the up-and-down motion of the pistons into rotating motion.

End-to-end movement of crankshaft in block.

Component that keeps oil from leaking between the crankshaft snout and the engine front cover.

Device to monitor engine speed.

Pulley, attached to harmonic balancer, that drives belts for alternator and other units.

System that places trigger wheel and pickup coil on the crankshaft damper at the front of the engine.

Grinding or otherwise smoothing the surface of crankshaft rod and main journals to repair damage or wear.

A low, wheeled cart used to work under a car supported by jackstands.

Special tool used to mechanically fasten connectors to wires.

Typical pattern used to tighten cylinder head bolts to provide even pressure.

Type of radiator arrangement with tubes running horizontally.

Connector between left and right header pipes in a dual exhaust system, used to equalize backpressure.

Distance from a given point on the car to the ground.

Weight of vehicle with full gas tank and no passengers or cargo.

The flow of electrons through a conductor.

Flat springs under the friction material on the clutch disc that help smooth the clutch engagement.

Constant velocity.

Kit containing joint components, replacement boot, grease, and other necessary items for joint repair.

The study of how electrical-mechanical devices can duplicate actions of the human body.

Oscilloscope test that measures the power output from each of the engines cylinders.

Another name for the engine block, or main body of the engine.

Diameter of the engine cylinder.

Machining of cylinder walls to make them perfectly straight and smooth, removing signs of wear and damage.

Component that bolts to the top of the engine, enclosing the tops of the cylinders.

A fixture used to hold the cylinder head off the workbench surface.

A tool used to develop a pattern of fine scratches on cylinder walls to aid in new ring break-in.

Instrument used to determine amount of air leakage from combustion chamber.

Condition in which a cylinder diameter is different when measured front-to-back than when measured side-to-side.

The practice of inserting a liner into a bored cylinder to restore it to its original diameter.

The slight difference in diameter, due to wear, from the top to the bottom of an engine cylinder.

When the natural up and down movement of the engines piston physically erodes the cylinder walls.

The Morse type trouble code conveyed by a flashing light on dashboard.

A labeled indicator that lights to show there is a problem of malfunction.

Direct current.

Device that produces direct current.

A solid, straight rear axle on a front-wheel-drive vehicle.

One that has become discharged.

One in which the spark plug is not firing.

Table showing equivalent quantities in fractions of an inch, decimal fractions, and millimeters.

Twisting or distortion of engine block surfaces as a result of overhearing.

Spring-loaded valves in the outlet fittings to diesel injector pump.

Explosive, uneven burning of fuel causing engine knock.

A listing of problem causes and corrections.